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you

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[Music]

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okay Thank You Beth and Alexis for the

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invitation to be here you'll probably

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recognize the diagram on the left I

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couldn't resist putting it up because

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that's probably as an oceanographer that

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diagram more than anything else is what

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lured me into astrobiology about 15

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years ago and what I'm gonna talk about

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today is a new piece our program we just

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kicked off last year of the current best

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efforts amongst the a combined ocean and

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planetary science team from mostly from

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Woods Hole and JPL

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I've actually how to try and convert a

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nice idea into what's the current state

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of the art of how would you actually go

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and do that kind of thing if you wanted

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to go to an ice-covered ocean and study

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it so this is work funded by NASA but

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the robot that we're actually using

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wouldn't have been possible if we

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haven't actually had NSF pay for it and

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they were funders have learn how to use

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it without losing it and breaking it so

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here's the concept basically what we

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wanted to do for our own oceans which

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are interesting for their own right even

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without the astrobiological product

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credentials would be if you actually

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want to go study something in detail on

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the sea floor in the Arctic Ocean you

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can wait till everything freezes over

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like we did in September or October of

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last year and you get 100% ice cover but

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the trouble is the ship then becomes

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stationary compared to the ice but both

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the ship and the ice are still

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continuously moving compared to the

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solid shell of the earth underneath so

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if there's a particular place on the

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earth on the sea floor that you want to

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go and study in detail you can't

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actually hang around there for hours at

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a time if everything above you is moving

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at a mile or two an hour but basically

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by the end of the day you're on your

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some tens of kilometers away from where

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you need to be so that was the vision we

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had was to have a vehicle that you can

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actually deploy under the ice and

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exactly be free swimming in autonomous

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mode but it could also be something

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where you could actually keep humans in

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the loop for the most detailed stuff you

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want to do and we do that by using a

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single optical fiber about twice the

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thickness of a human hair

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we're about 20 kilometers worth of that

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tether can be rolled up in something the

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signs of a large roll of duct tape so

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basically what it allows you to do is to

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completely keep all the communication

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with the vehicle it's basically a

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battery powered vehicle so it can

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basically keep going as long as the

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batteries last and the ship can actually

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go wherever you like the only key thing

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then is somehow the ship and the vehicle

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have to meet up again at the end of the

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day so

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the place we took it to was 287 degrees

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north in the Arctic about 200 miles

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south of the North Pole

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last September and October and in

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particular we went to this area so

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here's the cackle Ridge which is a

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mid-ocean ridge which can host

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hydrothermal activity and they've been

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chemical indications there were such

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things in this area the vehicle we had

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in its first version is only been

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developed go to 2,000 meters because it

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wasn't really designed to are doing

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seafloor hydrothermal exploration but

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the area we went to here was this inside

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quarter high because based on the

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bathymetric maps it was the closest

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thing we had to the kind of geologic

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setting for the lost city hydrothermal

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field if you know about it or LaVon BAM

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hydrothermal fields are places where you

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can have tectonic lis hosted and

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cependant ization cependant izing or

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serpentinization influenced hydrothermal

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systems on the seafloor so our hope was

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that we could go up to this area search

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for the right chemical signals in this

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area in autonomous mode track down

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sources to the seafloor and go find

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cependant ice related ecosystems on the

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Tees obligate study with the vehicle so

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you enter this area here's that summit

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in detail here's where we did a UV based

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mapping is what 100% ice cover looks

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like so the cartoon before we've made

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that part real already there's the ship

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as filmed from the helicopter in the

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first month before the Sun went down and

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we could actually still fly the

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helicopter and when we got there

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unfortunately or fortunately depending

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on which way you look at it we did find

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an oasis for life but it had nothing to

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do with serpent amazing fluid flow so a

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phrase I picked up from the Europa

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Lander Town Hall on Sunday was there was

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nothing wrong with the technology here

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just like the Viking mission it wasn't

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our fault that nature conspired not to

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put the right stuff in front of the

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vehicle while we were there but where we

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went to was the only place that was

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shallow enough for this vehicle to work

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on currently and this is a place that

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was teeming with life but it wasn't

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actually teeming with Sabine demising

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seafloor fluid flow what actually had

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instead was the whole area we couldn't

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actually find any rock in our camera

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surveys or we could actually find with

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these giant sponges the large ones here

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about a meter across so it's basically a

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continuous spectrum from tiny little

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baby giant sponges to fully grown giant

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sponges to the matrix in between which

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was actually the mush left behind when

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giant sponges had fallen apart so there

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was actually no rock

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crop in some thousands and thousands of

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photographs what we actually had instead

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was we did actually find little whiffs

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every now and then on our redox sensor

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that was suggesting there was something

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team has sent it setting in the area

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nothing that was indicative of fluid

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flow when he said what we found was

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sorry I when we go back one need to go

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back to what we found were in the

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sponges because they were expensive over

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10 miles or so that there was at least a

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subset of them that were basically

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rotting away on the seafloor and so you

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actually have these things so we

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actually have these these maps of

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microbial filament that animals were

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gathering around and when you zoom in on

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them we actually could actually film

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these things with these shrimp actually

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grazing on the microbial filaments so we

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had a nice little human synthetic food

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chain at the bottom of an ice-covered

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oceans that's all great but it's got

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nothing to do with serpentinization so I

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should move on so we had a plan B had a

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fallback which was here's the sea mount

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we were working on where we were just

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seeing that stuff oh and interestingly

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in my mind while I was filming that

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stuff I was ooming and doing all this

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detail and it was only a squid somebody

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pointed out that at the time I was doing

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that I was actually three miles away and

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drifting backwards away from the vent

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site that where the ship was it was

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doing all that stuff was a long way away

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and at the end of the sequence there was

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a time we had to pick up the ROV and

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skedaddle to catch back up at the ship

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and come back home Bob bottom trouble

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Plan B for the program was actually that

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there was another volcanic Ridge down

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here about three and a half thousand

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meters on the axis of the Rift Valley

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that we could go and study we couldn't

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do it with the ROV we could go back to

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what I started out my career doing 30

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years ago and I thought I'd given up

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forever which is lowering conventional

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CTD rosettes these are basically

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instrument packages you lower on a wire

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directly below the ship it has in situ

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sensors that can tell you something

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about the chemistry the water column

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that can tell you where to take your

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water samples from and in a normal ocean

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that's great in an ice-covered ocean you

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have this problem that basically where

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you get your samples from is then at the

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mercy of the elements of exactly where

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the ship and the ice moved to and where

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the wind changes so we knew we had this

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volcanic target here and over time and

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perseverance and some good judgment and

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some bad judgment

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then some of the time we actually got

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data in the area we wanted to and in

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fact we were actually able to narrow

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down exactly where those venting must be

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coming from from this volcanic Ridge at

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three and a half thousand meters to the

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level where we actually were able to

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intercept the rising stem of the plume

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coming up of the source so we probably

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know where the site is to about 100

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meters or so so we don't have pretty

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pictures of what's living down there at

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that second site but what we do have is

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a lot of chemical information about what

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the source function must be or what the

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source system must be like and the first

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thing that got us excited is we were

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doing shipboard chemical analyses and we

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found there were very high methane

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concentrations in these system so we

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weren't expecting that because we had

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some camera tows over the area as well

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all we saw was a basalt hosted volcanic

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Ridge so we were expecting this to be

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very boring I was expecting not have

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anything interesting enough for this

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session from the second half of what we

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did on our cruise instead we found these

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very high hydrogen methane

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concentrations and then what we also

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found was that for the highest

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concentration samples we also had very

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high hydrogen concentrations as well and

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about a 1 to 1 ratio and it's only as

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you travel further away in the flume

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which is probably only as the order of a

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kilometer or so then you get very rapid

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removal of the hydrogen the hydrogen

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doesn't persist in the water column the

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methane does so you get this nice linear

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correlation with temperature anomalies

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the temperature is a nice conservative

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physical tracer over the period of what

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we would imagine to be days and

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kilometers for the dispersion of this

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plume so basically the sample taken

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throughout the survey area all compiled

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onto a single plot the methane is

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relatively sluggishly an unreactive the

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hydrogen by contrast is much more

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reactive and in fact we've actually had

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some anti boat uses the collaborator on

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here her group in the operative Agra

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Institute have been doing microbial

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incubation experiments and they have

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good evidence that these are actually

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it's hydrogen there are hydrogen

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oxidizing while hydrogen consuming

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microbes in these plume waters that we

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collected and that's actually what's

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responsible for it it's not an inorganic

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process it's a microbial immediated

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removal of the hydrogen so that's pretty

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cool so we think we've got a hydrogen

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rich methane rich hydrothermal vent on

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the seafloor the other thing we realize

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by looking at the in situ sensors

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however is it's not a conventional black

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smoker high temperature hydrothermal

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field as we got very close to the source

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we found our redox anomalies where we

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have the freshest samples right over the

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source

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we're actually relatively low in

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particulate material so have material

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that was fairly low

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in particular concentration and as the

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plume dispersed further afield the

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particular concentrations increase and

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they grew in so we actually have some

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that particulate material we're still

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working on it there are two mechanisms

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we can imagine of how that worked one is

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that it could be in microbial activity

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and what you're actually doing is

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increasing microbial cell abundance but

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these are over very short length scales

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of a kilometer and probably not much

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time the other thing that I think is

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more plausible is we have a system

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that's not very rich in hydrogen sulfide

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but it is rich in iron which would fit

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with other sites we've found that have

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high hydrogen and high methane in the

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sea floor and that that iron the

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oxidation because the Arctic is a fairly

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isolated but ocean basin and quite

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sluggish that the rates of iron

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oxidation the kinetics are quite slow so

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the time it takes for an hour or so for

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the material to get from the sea floor

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up into the plume height in this area is

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only the order of an hour or so the iron

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oxidation kinetics may well be that the

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iron is then growing in so what I'd like

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to do now is just ask you to close your

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eyes for a moment and imagine what a

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vent site like that would look like so I

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want you to imagine a hot vent site at

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the bottom of the sea floor that's point

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enough to kick a plume up into the water

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column but it's got clear fluids when it

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comes up the seafloor and if you open

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your eyes here's what you imagined well

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done you made it happen

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you made it true so this is actually a

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von vamp hydrothermal field from the mid

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came and rised which I actually very I

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can't often believe when I actually I

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never really believed it when my

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proposals come true but back in the mid

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two thousands Ikey wrote a proposal so

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no wonder they go to the Cayman rides

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because it would be great preparation

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for the Arctic because it's the one

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place where we go and do everything else

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that we'd expect to find in the Arctic

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apart from have the ice in the way and

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so we found this site the von dam

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hydrothermal field which is pretty cool

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because that was the work that Jill

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McDermott did for her PhD with jeff

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seawater than me was on those samples

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was proven there were two different

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pathways for abiotic organic synthesis

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that you could actually get out of that

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system there's a hybrid system with

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ultramafic rocks but also some Gaborik

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material in there as well which gives

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you both energy and a bit of extra

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silica that you wouldn't have from a

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purely serpent amazing system so you

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might think of that as being a really

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cool place so do I think that's what's

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happening on the bottom of the Arctic no

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suddenly not that site is actually set

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right up on an ultramatic hilltop so the

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von Dam hydrothermal field is actually

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sitting in a system just like the kara

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succeed mount we first went to the one

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that was a bus that just said

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sponges and no fluid flow so in fact

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what we've actually found is something

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that's sitting much more like these

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systems down on volcanic ridges in the

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middle of the Arctic Rift Valley so now

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we have a deeper sorting hosted system

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that's basically generating another kind

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of fluid flow which is also interesting

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so I think that's really where I want to

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end is my take-home message is when

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you're thinking about where might be

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interesting in the elsewhere in the

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solar system try not to get too

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prejudiced by the most recent discovery

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somebody showed you recently from the

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earth seafloor because every time I go

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out and find new things I find even more

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new cool interesting things that were

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00:11:54,829 --> 00:11:52,709
not the things I was looking for but I

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00:11:55,970 --> 00:11:54,839
stumble upon and I'm you know at least

378
00:11:56,780 --> 00:11:55,980
I'm smart enough where I hang out with

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you guys did enough to actually

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00:12:01,220 --> 00:11:58,649
recognize when they're interesting but

381
00:12:02,449 --> 00:12:01,230
but the idea that we've explored all the

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00:12:04,610 --> 00:12:02,459
geologic diversity there is on our

383
00:12:06,110 --> 00:12:04,620
planet you know basically the an

384
00:12:08,269 --> 00:12:06,120
exploration is not the way to do it but

385
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the thoughtfulness that would can arise

386
00:12:12,590 --> 00:12:10,260
can be stimulated by this is probably

387
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the way to go is is let's anticipate

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there's the same kind of geologic

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diversity elsewhere in the solar system